Millicent Garrett Fawcett: President of the NUWSS

The figure of Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847–1929) stands as one of the most significant and enduring forces in the British struggle for women's rights. Her methodical, persistent, and lifelong commitment to achieving the vote for women through constitutional means. A strategy famously encapsulated by the motto:

"Law-Abiding Suffragists"

—was instrumental in the eventual passing of the Representation of the People Act in 1918. This granted suffrage to millions of women. For over six decades, from her first involvement as a teenager until her death, Fawcett’s influence shaped not only the political landscape but also the educational opportunities available to women. Leaving a profound and permanent legacy on British society.

Dame Millicent Fawcett nee Garrett: A Suffolk Suffragist, born in 1847 in Aldeburgh screenshot
Dame Millicent Fawcett nee Garrett: A Suffolk Suffragist, born in 1847 in Aldeburgh

Early Life and the Formation of a Campaigner

Millicent Garrett was born on June 11, 1847, in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, the seventh of ten children in a prosperous middle-class family. Her father, Newson Garrett, was a successful maltster and shipowner with liberal political leanings who encouraged his children to think independently. This environment of intellectual freedom proved crucial to Millicent's development, especially through the influence of her older sister, Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, who courageously defied social norms to become Britain’s first female doctor. Elizabeth’s struggle against the all-male medical establishment served as a powerful, real-life lesson in the injustice of gender inequality and inspired Millicent's early commitment to feminist causes.

John Stuart Mill

A pivotal moment in Millicent's life occurred at the age of 19 when she was taken by her sister Louisa to hear a lecture on women's rights by the radical Member of Parliament and philosopher, John Stuart Mill. Mill was an ardent supporter of women's suffrage, and his articulate and rational arguments for equal rights made a lasting impression. Shortly thereafter, in 1866, Millicent helped to gather signatures for the first mass female petition to Parliament advocating for women's suffrage on the same terms as men, though she was too young to sign it herself. This marked the start of a public life dedicated to political reform.

In 1867, Millicent Garrett married Henry Fawcett, a radical Liberal MP for Brighton and Professor of Political Economy at the University of Cambridge, who had been blinded in a shooting accident ten years earlier. Their marriage was a partnership of "perfect intellectual sympathy," with Millicent acting as his secretary and companion, which gave her unique access to the world of Westminster and political thought typically barred to women. This access further honed her political acumen and provided a platform from which to launch her own career. The couple had one daughter, Philippa, born in 1868, who would later achieve her own fame as a brilliant mathematician.

The Constitutional Path to Suffrage

Millicent Fawcett’s leadership was defined by her unwavering belief in constitutional, law-abiding methods to achieve political change. This philosophy placed her at the head of the largest suffrage organisation in Britain, in direct contrast to the militant tactics of the suffragettes.

President of the NUWSS

From her initial involvement in the late 1860s, Fawcett became a key figure in the various regional suffrage societies. In 1897, she was instrumental in uniting many of these groups into a single, cohesive national body: the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Fawcett was formally elected president of the NUWSS in 1907, a role she would hold for twelve crucial years.

Under Fawcett’s leadership, the NUWSS evolved into a sophisticated, nationwide political machine. It rejected the violent

"Deeds Not Words"

approach of Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter, Christabel’s Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Fawcett's strategic goal was always to persuade, not alienate, Members of Parliament and the voting public. She believed that the illegal and damaging acts of the suffragettes—such as arson, window-smashing, and direct confrontation—were counterproductive. Hardening the hearts of those whose support they needed and justifying the negative stereotype of women as too emotional and irrational for political responsibility.

 

Originally Politically Neutral

The NUWSS adopted a policy of political neutrality but eventually allied with the emerging Labour Party. They had at the time, endorsed women's suffrage. Creating a powerful parliamentary pressure group. The suffragists' methods were peaceful but powerful:

  • The Mud March (1907): The NUWSS organised its first large-scale, open-air procession in London. Dubbed the "Mud March" by the press for the miserable weather, it was nevertheless a significant demonstration of organised, respectable female political will.
  • The Great Pilgrimage (1913): A major organised march where thousands of non-militant suffragists walked from across the country. Converging on Hyde Park in London. This demonstrated the depth of support for suffrage among law-abiding women in every region of Britain. Countering the image that the movement was only a small band of angry, urban agitators.
  • Mass Membership: By 1914, the NUWSS, with its numerous branches and commitment to democratic principles, far outstripped the WSPU in membership. Boasting approximately 50,000 members.

Fawcett's unshakeable commitment and tireless organisation ensured that, despite the distraction and drama of the militant campaign, the constitutional case for the vote remained credible, influential, and continually present in Parliament.

 

The Advocate for Education and Social Reform

Fawcett's dedication to women's rights extended far beyond the ballot box. She was a pioneering champion of women's education, viewing it as fundamental to achieving equality in all spheres of life. Along with her husband and other enlightened academics, Millicent was a co-founder of Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1871. At a time when women were barred from attending university lectures or receiving degrees, Newnham was established to provide a place for women to study at degree level. This initiative was part of a larger, systemic effort to prove women’s intellectual capability and right to higher learning. The pinnacle of this work, for Millicent, came in 1890 when her daughter, Philippa, achieved the highest mark in the Mathematical Tripos examinations. Outperforming the top male student (the Senior Wrangler), a moment of profound vindication for the founders of women's university education.

 

Her activism also touched on numerous other social issues:

  • Economic Independence: She published a successful book, Political Economy for Beginners, which went through ten editions. She used her writing to argue for greater economic opportunities and fair wages for women.
  • Moral and Legal Equality: She opposed the Contagious Diseases Acts, which unfairly targeted women. She fought for legal changes that would ensure a single standard of morality.  For a more just application of the law, such as in divorce cases.
  • International Inquiry: In 1901, she demonstrated her capacity for leadership on the world stage when she was appointed to lead a commission of women sent to South Africa. It was to investigate the terrible conditions within the concentration camps where Boer families were interned during the Second Boer War. Her unsparing report was a testament to her moral courage and commitment to justice.

The Great War and the Final Victory

The outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 saw a significant split in the suffrage movement. While the militant WSPU enthusiastically suspended its campaign to support the war effort, Millicent Fawcett and the NUWSS adopted a policy of patriotic pragmatism. They halted their political agitation but resolved to use the network of the NUWSS. To support:

"well-thought out plans of national usefulness."

This included supporting the establishment of the Scottish Women’s Hospitals. Founded by suffragist Dr. Elsie Inglis, which provided medical care on the front lines. Demonstrating women's immense contribution and patriotism.

Fawcett’s strategic decision to support the war was politically astute. As women increasingly took on traditional male roles in factories, transport, and other key industries, their visible and vital contribution to the war effort made the pre-war arguments against their fitness for citizenship utterly untenable.

As the war neared its end, the political landscape had irrevocably changed. Fawcett used her years of experience and network of contacts to negotiate effectively with the new Prime Minister, David Lloyd George. Her constitutional approach had stood the test of time and crisis. In 1918, Parliament passed the Representation of the People Act. This granted the vote to all men over 21 and to women over 30 who were householders, or married to householders, or held a university degree.

Following this monumental achievement, Fawcett, at the age of 71, stepped down from the leadership of the NUWSS in 1919. She remained active, continuing to campaign for women's access to university degrees and for the final goal of equal suffrage. Her life's work was finally completed when the Equal Franchise Act of 1928 granted women the vote. On the same terms as men. Millicent Fawcett died shortly thereafter, in 1929, having lived to see the ultimate triumph of her cause.

 

Legacy and Commemoration

Millicent Fawcett's legacy is immense and multifaceted. She is remembered as the architect of the successful, peaceful campaign for women’s enfranchisement, proving that fundamental change could be achieved through sustained, democratic pressure. Her dedication is perpetuated by The Fawcett Society, one of the UK’s charities trying to campaign for female equality, which was named in her honour in 1953.

The most tangible and enduring symbol of her historical importance came nearly 90 years after her death. In April 2018, Millicent Fawcett became the first woman ever to be commemorated with a statue in Parliament Square, London. Alongside figures like Winston Churchill and Nelson Mandela. The bronze sculpture, created by artist Gillian Wearing, portrays Fawcett holding a banner inscribed with her famous words from 1920, reflecting on the death of suffragette Emily Davison:

“COURAGE CALLS TO COURAGE EVERYWHERE.”

Significantly, the plinth of the statue includes the etched portraits of 59 other campaigners. This was a deliberate choice to symbolise the collective nature of the suffrage struggle—a truth Fawcett herself always championed.

Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett was not an emotional orator or a dramatic revolutionary, but a brilliant strategist, an indefatigable organiser. She was a resolute leader whose clarity of vision never wavered. Her commitment to education, constitutionalism, and moral justice provided the necessary foundation for the greatest political transformation of modern Britain. Making her one of the most consequential women in the nation's history.

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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